Fast and Slow Thinking And The Law of Least Effort
Psychologists believe the law of least effort applies to cognitive and physical exertion. In other words, if presented with several ways of achieving the same goal, the brain tends to take the most undemanding course of action. This focuses on how we make decisions through either fast or slow thinking.
Many of us will recognise the law of least effort in our decision-making endeavours. How often does a problem of substance confront us and treat it as trivial? How often have we rejected the stresses and strains that careful judgment obliges and instead defaulted to the nearest plausible option?
Thinking fast and slow
Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman discusses the issue in his book Thinking Fast and Slow, in which he proposes that the brain has two systems. The first is swift but error-prone. The second is deliberate but tougher to employ. We like to believe we favour the second, suggests Kahneman. But its duties are mainly confined to rubber-stamping the quick-fix answers that the first idly churns out.
They may prove perfectly adequate in everyday circumstances. However, these mental shortcuts are hardly a dependable platform for decision-making at an organisational level. After all, if Kahneman is right, they are the corollaries of our inherent laziness. Yet, in many organisations, acting in haste is celebrated. Those who specialise in speed are role models of efficiency and purpose. Those who dare to deliberate are derided as dawdlers and vacillators.
Gambling on choice
Much of this bizarre state of affairs stems from the assumption that choices come ready-made and neatly packaged. There exists an alarmingly widespread conceit that any problem, irrespective of size or complexity, can be solved by nodding acquaintance with some magical catalogue of fully formed and available options. Rattle through the list, take your pick, and issue the order—job done.
We can underline the disturbing shortsightedness of such a philosophy by comparing decision-making to betting on a horse race. The latter also requires no more than an educated selection from a range of ready-made, neatly packaged, fully formed and available options, yet we rightly refer to it as gambling. If an organisation lives or dies by its decisions, as is routinely the case, then it deserves to do so based on a process more reliable than a punt on the 4.30 at Kempton Park.
Hindsight is no match for foresight
The truth is that hindsight, though undoubtedly the wonderful thing we are regularly assured it is, is no match for foresight. This being so, we would do well to reorientate our decision-making ethos accordingly. We should not be wringing our hands and asking ourselves, “What if we had done this?” We should be scratching our heads and asking ourselves, “What if we were to do this?”
So, how do we develop a more prescient and productive outlook? The first step is to develop a comprehensive range of would-be solutions, as opposed to the off-the-rack array mentioned earlier. We need to understand the question at hand, especially if it is complicated, for deconstruction must precede reconstruction. Ideally, we should open our minds to radical interventions instead of being inexorably drawn to the kind of incremental responses that a knee-jerk approach encourages.
Begin with an idea
To overcome the idea of fast and slow thinking, the way is then clear to generate lots of ideas. The fact is that people very seldom miraculously conceive a “great idea”. We might begin with only a bit of a good idea. Then we cumulate this first idea alongside a bit of another good idea. We consider an improvement to a suspect idea, and a reaction to a completely ridiculous idea will form the basis of a feasible idea. Only by having an abundance of ideas and gauging the worth of every last one of them will we eventually identify the best. This is how creativity works.
An interesting aspect of such a technique, aside from the mental stimulation and sheer fun it entails, is that it could be demonstrable. Because it is rigorous, this method arguably lends itself to a checklist-like system. In essence, it is an official log of procedural diligence. This might shape how choices are made and, just as importantly, help define how they are regarded in retrospect. Might we one day be able to Kitemark our decisions?
Invest to save in time
Of course, critics will moan about the additional demands on time, energy and finances. And it is right to concede that creative problem-solving is relatively resource-hungry. Even the most determined bid to consider every “what if” before rather than after the event cannot guarantee ultimate success. Complaints about return on investment, with their unmistakable focus on the short term, smack of the law of least effort.
The reality is that sometimes it pays – literally and figuratively – when thinking about fast and slow thinking to think for the long term. This is why two age-old maxims ineluctably spring to mind. “Haste makes waste.” The second may be less familiar. Nonetheless, it is supremely relevant. It is one of the wisest warnings ever to emerge from Hollywood: “You can have it good – or you can have it on Tuesday.”
Martin Binks was the former dean of Nottingham University Business School, a Professor of Entrepreneurial Development, and a member of the Haydn Green Institute for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. This article was repurposed and initially published in 2016.
- About the Author
- Latest Posts
Nottingham University Business School specialises in developing leadership potential, encouraging innovation and enterprise, and developing a global outlook in its students, partners, and faculty. It is recognised as one of the world’s top business schools for integrating responsible and sustainable business issues into its undergraduate, MBA, MSc, PhD, and executive programmes and has unrivalled global reach through Nottingham’s campuses in the UK, China, and Malaysia. The School holds a Small Business Charter Award in recognition of its important role in supporting small and medium enterprises. It is accredited by both the Association of MBAs (AMBA) and the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) and ranks among the UK’s top ten for research power.